海岸带生物入侵的生态后果及管理对策建议

海岸带生态系统具有十分重要的经济和生态服务功能,同时也是最脆弱、最容易被外来种入侵的生态系统之一。我国已查明的海岸带外来入侵物种有196种,占我国入侵种总数的1/4以上。人为引种和船舶运输是外来种入侵海岸带生态系统的主要途径。海岸带生物入侵会造成土著种生长和繁殖受限、生物多样性丧失、生态系统服务功能下降等严重的生态后果,同时对海岸带渔业和农业生产乃至居民健康产生严重影响。为了科学管理海岸带生物入侵问题,建议尽早对我国海岸带外来物种开展全面系统的科学考察,实施主要外来种的风险分析,进一步深入研究主要外来种的入侵机制及其生态影响,完善相关法律法规和政策制度,加强压舱水管控,为海岸带生态安全和区域经济社会发展提供保障。

Ecological Consequences and Management of Biological Invasions in Chinese Coastal Zone

Ecosystem in the coastal zone provides vital ecosystem services for human society, but also is one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to alien species invasions. There are at least 196 alien invasive species in Chinese coastal zone, accounting for more than 25% of the total number of invasive species in China. Intentional introductions and unintentional transport by vessels and ballast water are the main ways of alien species to invade Chinese coastal zone. Biological invasions in the coastal zone not only lead to many serious ecological consequences such as competition with native species, loss of biodiversity, and degradation of ecosystem services, but also cause considerable damage to local aquaculture, fishery, agriculture, and human health. To effectively manage biological invasions in Chinese coastal zone, we suggest several issues that need to be addressed in the future, i.e., conducting comprehensive inventories of alien species, performing risk analyses of important alien species and planned introductions, systematically studying major invasive species for control purpose, and making regulations and policies regarding invasive species and their vectors such as ballast water and vessels.