大学治理的心理基础:心智模式与集体思维

心智模式和思维风格在治理决策中具有重要意义。将个体心智模式和集体决策模式联系起来,从大学的组织特性切入,探寻大学治理的心理基础,是寻求对现实治理问题的解释,以期获得解决方案的有益尝试。具体做法是通过引入内部他人和外部他人以及知的错觉的观察视角,将乔哈里窗、集体思维模式和组织决策加以整合,将对话与共识度作为两个维度建立坐标,形成四大类集体思维模式:防卫型(低对话-低共识)、放任型(高对话-低共识)、专断型(低对话-高共识)、高效型(高对话-高共识)。四种类型在特定大学都只存在一定的"影子",不能完全一对一匹配。不过其中的"高效型决策模式"因为承认并且有意识消除错觉,正视并且吸收分歧意见的合理成分,直面并且充分利用冲突的积极力量,保证各种声音都能自由发出并被认真听取,最后形成特定内外部情境下的最佳方案,因而是建立在个体心智模式基础上集体决策的最理想的类型,也是大学决策最值得追求的理想类型。

The Psychological Basis of University Governance: Mental Model and Collective Thinking

Mental modal and thinking style are prominent for the decision making in university governance. The paper combines the individual mental modal and collective decision making modal, explores the psychological basis of university governance and seeks explanations and solutions to practical problems. It integrates the JOHARI Window modal with collec-tive thinking and decision making modals, by adding the perspectives of external and internal others as well as the illusion of perception. Based on the communication level and consensus level, the paper formulates four collective thinking modals: de-fensive modal (low communication and low consensus), laissez-faire modal (high communication and low consensus), arbi-trary modal (low communication and high consensus), and effective modal (high communication and high consensus). The four models can partially reflect the situation of some universities, but none can fully cover all situations of a university. The effective modal, based on collective decision making and considers individual mental modal, is ideal for university governance, as it recognizes the illusion and has the willingness to erase it, keeps open to different ideas and accepts their reasonable parts, makes use of positive force in conflict, ensures all opinions can be heard and constructs the best decision for inner and outer situations.