春秋战国秦汉时期“史”的发展演变

殷周时代 ,一切学术都由统治者直接控制 ,史官之职也是世袭的 ,有着很高的地位和特质 ,所作之史书在一般人心目中也有很高的威信。春秋中期以后 ,史官的修史逐渐受到强暴势力的威胁 ,但仍有史官冒着生命危险修史的例子 ,涌现了一批像董狐、南史氏这样的“良史”。而与此同时也出现了史官屈从于强暴势力的事例。这些事例说明春秋中期以后 ,史官的地位已经发生了微妙的变化 ,趋于低落 ,同时史官本身也出现了许多缺陷和弱点。到战国中期 ,史官的地位已低落到世人羞而为之的地步。而伴随史官地位低落的 ,则是史官修史之风的败坏 ,强暴势力的因素越来越影响史官的修史。到西汉时 ,史官的地位已经低落到和倡优差不多的地步。

A developmental account of the history in Qin and Han Dynasties

In the Zhou Dynasty, all academic activities are under the control of the rulers, all the posts inherited. The historical works are of a great stature to most readers. From the middle of the Spring and Autumn times, however, the compilers of historical works are gradually being threatened by the ruling power. In spite of this, there are still brilliant compilers such as Dong Hu and Nanshi. In contrast, there are compilers who are readily giving in to the power, so that many historical books are full of defects. As the historical compilers are belittled by the late Spring and Autumn times, their significance gets dwindled due to threatening factors from the ruling power. Up to the end of the Han Dynasty, historical compilers are as poor as beggars.