Risk factors for childhood violence and polyvictimization: A cross-country analysis from three regions |
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| Institution: | 1. UNICEF Office of Research—Innocenti, Piazza SS Annunziata 12, 50121, Florence, Italy;2. UNICEF Mozambique, 1440 Av. do Zimbábwe, Maputo, Mozambique;3. National Population Commission, Plot 2031, Olusegun Obasanjo Way, Zone 7, Wuse, PMP 281, Abuja, Nigeria;4. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 30266, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya;5. Institut du Bien Etre Social et de Recherches, 13, rue des Marguerites Turgeau, Port au Prince, Haiti;6. UNICEF Nigeria, UN House, Plot 617/618, Diplomatic Drive, Central Business District, PMB 2851, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria;7. UNICEF Haiti, 17 rue Armand Holly, Debussy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;8. UNICEF Kenya, P O Box 44145-00100, Nairobi, Kenya;9. Demographics Statistics Census and Survey Department, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, #386 Preah Monivong Blvd, Boeung Keng Kong 1, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;10. UNICEF Tanzania, Plot 1403-1 Bains Avenue, Masaki, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;11. UNICEF, UNICEF House, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY, 10017, USA;12. UNICEF Cambodia, 5th Floor, Exchange Square, Building No. 19&20, St. 106, Phom Penh, Cambodia;13. Department of Social Work, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Russian Federation Boulevard, Toul Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;14. Formerly Principal Secretary, Ministry of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare, Gemini House, City Centre, Private Bag 300, Lilongwe 3, Malawi;15. International Food Policy Research Institute, 1201 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC. 20005-3915, USA;p. Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children, Avenue de la Paix 5 - 7, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland;q. The Global Women’s Institute, 2140 G Street, NW, Washington, DC. 20052, USA;1. School of Sociology & Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Room 602, West Chongde Building, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China;2. Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA;3. Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong;4. School of Social Work, Arizona State University. 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-0689, USA;1. Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReVIA), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain;2. Departament de Personalitat, Avaluació i Tractament Psicològics, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain;3. Departament de Metodologia de les Ciències del Comportament, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain;4. Institut de Recerca en Cervell Cognició i Conducta, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain;1. University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7;2. Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606, 0301000 Eldoret, Kenya;3. Moi University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 4606, 0301000 Eldoret, Kenya;4. McGill University, Department of Pediatrics, 2300 Tupper, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3H 1P3;5. Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, P.O. Box 4606, 0301000 Eldoret, Kenya;6. Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 1000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;7. Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606, 0301000 Eldoret, Kenya;8. Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1001 West 10th Street, OPW M200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;9. Regenstrief Institute, Inc., 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3012, USA;1. School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics at California State University, Los Angeles, United States;2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, United States;3. School of Medicine, New York University, United States;4. UCLA–Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Duke University Medical Center, United States;1. School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK;2. Psychology Department, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK |
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| Abstract: | Understanding risk factors is important to ending childhood violence and meeting Sustainable Development Goal 16.2. To date, no study has examined patterns of risk factors across countries comprehensively for different types of childhood violence, and there is a dearth of evidence of polyvictimization in lower- and middle-income settings. We analyse risk factors of childhood emotional (EV), physical (PV), sexual violence (SV) and polyvictimization for children aged 13–17 from nationally-representative Violence Against Children Surveys across six countries. We examine risk factors at the community-, household-, and individual- levels for each violence type, stratified by gender using multivariable logistic regression models. Across countries, school enrolment increased violence risk among females and males (three countries), but was protective against violence among females (one country), and among males (three countries). Among females, increasing age was associated with increased risk of SV (five countries) and polyvictimization (three countries); among males this relationship was less salient. Non-residence with a biological father emerged as a risk factor for SV among girls. Few or inconsistent associations were found with other factors, including number of household members, wealth, and urban residence. These results underscore on the one hand, the need for country-specific research on risk factors to inform prevention strategies, as well as increased investment in data collection to provide a more complete and robust basis for evidence generation. High levels of polyvictimization highlight overlapping vulnerabilities children face, and may provide insights for policymakers and practitioners in designing strategies to protect children at greatest risk of abuse. |
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| Keywords: | Violence against children Polyvictimization Risk factors Cambodia Kenya Haiti Malawi Nigeria Tanzania |
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