乾隆朝八旗汉军出旗标准刍议

为了巩固统治,清廷在入关后即确立了对八旗的恩养政策,但随着八旗人丁的大量繁衍以及物价上涨、奢靡日甚等原因,八旗生计日益恶化。迫不得已,八旗中的汉军在乾隆初年率先奉旨出旗为民。在出旗过程中,清廷并不是漫无目的地草率裁撤,而是有选择地按地域和军种批次出旗,并尽力加以安置。综合起来,限定汉军出旗的标准包括:禁旅还是驻防的八旗汉军,降清时间先后及归降后的功绩多寡,出身地位及日常表现情况,出旗后的生存能力及适应性。汉军出旗是清代八旗制度的重大调整,它所引发的旗民之间身份变化是清廷调整社会内部矛盾和对各势力集团利益重新分配的必然结果,也与清朝统治者对待汉军的一贯态度息息相关。

The Commentary of Han Army in the Eight Banners Army Leaving the Banners of Qianlong Period

The Eight Banners had been divided into the Imperial Guard Eight Banners defended Beijing and the Garrison Eight Banners stationed in some key cities of China. After the reign of Emperor Kangxi,a large number of Han Army leaving the Banners because of the issue of population and life. In this process,leaving the Banners policy is a selective policy in practice rather than a sort of action against majority. The policy had some personnel classification standards,for instance,whether the one was the Liaodong H...