美国研究生权利的法理分析--基于加州大学系统的政策文本

加州大学是美国一流公立研究型大学系统,也是较早重视学生权利的美国大学。对于研究生权利的规范以条目的形式散见于总校及分校的各种相关政策文本之中。基于法理学视角,能够透过零散的政策条文,探析美国研究生权利的变迁、渊源、内涵、形式与救济等基本问题。美国研究生权利内容随着时代发展不断拓展,涵盖了研究生作为公民、学生和工作者权利等三个方面;研究生权利来源于联邦和州的法律、教育行业协会的规范和学校的传统;研究生权利的本质属性可以从利益、主张、资格、力量和自由等要素加以阐释;研究生权利可以分为积极和消极权利、原有和补救权利以及实体和程序权利等类型;研究生权利获得的重要标志是相对义务人对权利人履行了义务和权利人对自己权利的实际行使;当研究生权利受到侵害后,有关权利救济的规定能够切实保障其正当权益。

A Jurisprudential Analysis of the Rights of American Graduate Students: Based on the Policy Texts of UC system

The University of California is a leading public research university in the United States and values students’rights early.The provisions about graduate students’rights appear in various relevant policy texts of UC system.Based on the perspective of jurisprudence,the development,origins,connotations,forms and relief of American graduate students’rights can be analyzed through scattered policy provisions.The content of graduate students’rights has been expanding with the development of the times,including graduate students’rights as citizens,students and workers;the rights are derived from federal and state laws,the norms of some educational associations and the school traditions;the essential attributes of rights can be explained by factors such as interests,claims,entitlement,power,capacity and liberty;the rights can be divided into positive and negative rights,primary and remedial rights,as well as substantive and procedural rights;the important sign of obtaining rights for students is that the obligor performs the obligation to the right holder and the right holder exercises the rights;when the graduate student’s rights are violated,they can protect their legitimate rights and interests through right relief.