On electrophysiological activity of the normal heart

The heart is divided into eleven components, each being modeled by a dipole of known and fixed location and direction; these dipoles are shown to result from the propagation of the transmembrane potentials over the surface of the myocardial cells. The components of the left ventricular wall are composed of “Durrer layers”, and these in combination with the “contiguity effect” result in a positive ventricular gradient and T-wave. Electrocardiograms generated by the eleven dipoles yield high-fidelity 12-lead ECG's.