明代洪武年间中朝两国政治游戏中的官方贸易

明代洪武年间,中朝两国的官方贸易,包括朝贡贸易和互市两种。根据当时朝鲜国内政局的变化,其过程可以分为三个阶段。各个阶段的情况与特点有所不同,总的说来是处于反复与缓慢发展之中。其间问题最多的是洪武中期前后,表现形式为官方贸易时断时续,有失常态。贸易,离不开政治。明王朝从一开始就推行“国无大小”、“推诚以待”、“修礼睦邻”、和平友好的外交政策。对朝鲜更是始终予以特别重视。然而,终洪武之世,中朝两国的政治关系却很不稳定,于是引致官方贸易屡生摩擦。之所以出现这种现象,主要是由于在朝鲜王朝建立以前,朝鲜当权者在对待当时明朝最主要的威胁——“北元”的问题上,与明朝存在着根本对立的政治分歧。或者说,操演着两面讨好的政治游戏。同时朝鲜“贡不如约”,不遵守“常制”,态度又缺乏诚信,每每诉难,强调客观困难,尤其是朝贡和互市的商品经常存在质量问题。当然,明太祖的大国思想有时也加剧了双方的贸易纠纷。

Official Trade in the Political Games between China and Korea During the Hongwu Period in the Ming Dynasty

During the Hongwu Period in the Ming Dynasty,the official trade between China and Korea was divided into tribute trade and mutual trade.The trade experienced three different stages.Generally speaking its development was slow and unstable.In the Middle of the Hongwu Period,the trade was on and off,and sometimes out of order.The trade was greatly influenced by the political policies of the two countries.At the very beginning,the Ming Dynasty carried the foreign policy of mutual respect,equality,politeness,and peaceful friendliness.And the Korean government attached great importance to its relation with China.After the death of Emperor Hongwu,the relationship between the two countries became unstable,which led to conflicts in the official trade.One reason for this was that the two countries took different attitudes towards the Mongolian kingdom in the north of China,which was a threat to China.The Korean ruler played a sitting-on-the-fence political game.It often found excuses for its breaking of promises in the official trade,especially for its unqualified commodities.And the pride of the then emperor Mingtaizu worsened the situation.