Dissecting diffusion: Tracing the plurality of factors that shape knowledge diffusion

Knowledge diffusion drives both technical progress and economic growth. In this study, we present a unique comparative case study that examines the diffusion of two comparable, foundational biotechnology inventions – recombinant DNA (rDNA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a variety of metrics to trace knowledge diffusion, we find robust evidence that the diffusion of PCR significantly outperforms rDNA. Examining the historical record, we then consider how organizational origin, licensing strategy, complementary assets, industry stage, and early social networks play a role in shaping these processes. Ultimately, we show that reliance on a single diffusion metric or factor is insufficient in explaining knowledge diffusion. We argue for the exploration of multiple underlying factors in diffusion studies, and we highlight the utility of employing multiple complementary measures in diffusion research.