Improving problem solving with subgoal labels in expository text and worked examples |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States;3. Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA 30597, United States;4. University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland;5. Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States |
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| Abstract: | In highly procedural problem solving, procedures are typically taught with context-independent expository text that conceptually describes a procedure and context-dependent worked examples that concretely demonstrate a procedure. Subgoal labels have been used in worked examples to improve problem solving performance. The effect of subgoal labels in expository text, however, has not been explored. The present study examined the efficacy of subgoal labeled expository text and worked examples for programming education. The results show that learners who received subgoal labels in both the text and example are able to solve novel problems better than those who did not. In addition, subgoal labels in the text appear to have a different, rather than an additive, effect on learners compared to subgoal labels in the example. Specifically, subgoal labels in the text appear to help the learner articulate the procedure, and subgoal labels in the example appear to help the learner apply the procedure. |
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| Keywords: | STEM education Subgoal learning Worked examples Expository text Procedural instructions |
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