明清时期塾师业外活动收入及其原因与影响

明清时期塾师的业外收入主要由耕田、从医卖药、卖文、卖字、卖画和相卜说媒等获得的收入构成。卖文、卖画和卖字是塾师获取业外收入最为常见的方式。明清时期塾师从事业外活动的原因有为家计所迫，有对财富的追求，有中国传统农耕文化价值观念的影响和难以逃避的应酬等。这些业外活动一方面改善了他们窘迫的生存状态，另一方面影响到了教育质量，引起学生家长的不满。有些业外活动达到了教化乡里的效果，但还有一些被当时的社会所鄙弃，严重地影响了塾师教书育人的形象。

The Ultra-professional Income of Private Tutors with the Causes and the Influence of Their Ultra-professions in Ming and Qing Dynasties

In Ming and Qing Dynasties private tutors＇ fields, selling medicine, selling articles, selling ultra-professional income mainly comes from tilling calligraphy and paintings, acting as fortune-tellers or matchmakers and so on. Selling articles is the most common practice. The causes of this phenomenon are private tutors＇ poverty, their pursuit for wealth, the influence of China＇s social activities and so on. While these ultra-professions improved their living conditions, they affected the education quality, resulting in the student guardians＇ dissatisfaction. Some ultra-professions educated the locals, but some were loathed by people and this seriously affected the pedagogical image of private tutors.