捍卫体育公平还是侵犯基本权利?——特定女性运动员参赛资格限制的法理辨析

基于某项生理指标,针对特定女性运动员参赛资格进行限制是当前国际体育界极具争议的议题。尤其是“Dutee Chand案”“Caster Semenya案”的出现,使得以国际田联《雄激素过多症规则》和《性别发展差异运动员规则》(“DSD规则”)为主要代表的、针对特定女性运动员参赛资格限制的规则受到了体育界、医学界、法律界等社会各界的高度关注。运用文献资料、案例分析、比较分析等方法,就特定女性运动员参赛资格限制规则所引发的法律问题:对特定女性参赛资格限制规则的歧视性,特定女性参赛资格限制规则与体育组织的上位规则、国际法、国内法的冲突,以及特定女性参赛资格限制规则的必要性和相称性问题进行了深入分析。研究认为,包括国际田联《雄激素过多症规则》和“DSD规则”在内的专门针对特定女性运动员参赛资格进行限制的规则具有歧视性,并侵犯了特定女性运动员的健康权、隐私权,违反了基本人权保护原则,这些规则带来的限制、歧视以及对人权的侵犯与这些规则预期追求的目标不具有相称性。体育领域产生的公平竞赛权等专有权利不能超越基本人权

A Legal Analysis of Female Athletes' Qualification Restrictions

Gender eligibility restrictions for female athletes based on a certain physiological index are highly controversial topics in the international sports circle in recent years. In particular, the emergence of the Dutee Chand Case and the Caster Semenya Case has made the female restriction rules, mainly represented by the IAAF Hyperandrogenism Rule and Difference of Sexual Development (DSD rules), highly concerned by the sports, medical, legal and other circles of society. Based on methods like literature review, case analysis, comparative analysis, the paper examined the legal issues caused by the qualification restriction rules on some female athletes, and made an in-depth analysis on discrimination of eligibility restrictions for some female athletes, on the conflict between the female eligibility restriction rules and the superior rules of sports organizations, as well as between domestic law and international law, and on the necessity and proportionality of the qualification restriction rules on some female athletes. The research shows that Hyperandrogenism rule and DSD rule are clearly discriminatory and violate the health and privacy rights of some female athletes and the basic principles of human rights protection. The restriction, discrimination and violation of human rights incurred by these rules are not commensurate with the desired goals. The exclusive rights such as the right to fair play in the field of sports should not go beyond the basic human rights.