近50年中国居民食物消费与营养发展的变化特点

新中国成立以来,特别是改革开放后,中国居民食物消费与营养状况发生了显著的变化:居民消费水平不断提高,食物消费额增长减缓,占消费支出比重快速下降;食物消费结构由单一型食物消费向多元化方面发展,由以植物性食物为主向动植物性食物并重的食物消费模式转变。分析发现,我国居民食物消费与营养发展历程具有明显的阶段性,可按照一定的标准将它划分为贫困期→温饱期→结构调整期→营养健康期等4个阶段,且这些阶段与我国的经济发展阶段相对应;居民的食物消费需求已从追求温饱向营养健康科学转变。今后一段相当长的时间是我国居民食物消费与营养转变的关键时期应引起重视。本文针对当前我国居民食物消费与营养发展中存在的食物生产结构不够合理,食物质量、安全与卫生存在隐患;食物消费结构和饮食行为缺乏有效的引导;食物工业落后,加工品种类不多;食物消费的差距在拉大等主要问题,提出了促进我国居民食物消费与营养健康发展的措施建议。

Change of Chinese Inhabitant''s Food Consumption and Nutrition Development in the Last 50 Years

Since the people's republic of China was established,especially after the reform and open-up policy,the Chinese inhabitants' situation of food consumption and nutrition has been notable changed.Firstly,the level of the inhabitants' consumption has been continually increased,but the food amount has been increased slowly,which accounting for the proportion of expend has been decreased apace.In 2004,the inhabitants' consumption per person(4 552) Yuan,life consumption expend(3 577.82) Yuan,compared the figures in 1957 which grew 43.6 times and 37.1 times;food consumption expend per person reached(1 499.61) Yuan,compared the figure in 1957,which grew more(1 461.93) Yuan;the Engel coefficient in 1957 was 64.6%,it has been decreased to 44.6% after 2004.Secondly,food consumption pattern has been transformed from unitary to multiplex aspects,and the quality of food consumption has been increased.In 1952,most of food consumption was grain;consumption pre person reached 197.67 kg,edible oil only reached 2.1 kg,pork reached 5.92 kg,beef and mutton reached 0.92 kg,bird meat reached 0.43 kg,eggs reached 1.02 kg,aquatic product reached 2.67 kg,sugar reached 0.91 kg.But in 2003,grain per person consumption increased 12.53%,edible oil increased 198.57%,pork increased 132.77%,beef and mutton increased 36.96%,bird meat increased 644.19%,eggs increased 371.57%,aquatic product increased 74.16%,sugar increased 36.26%,alcohol increased 572.8%.Thirdly,meals nutrition pattern has transferred from vegetable food as priority to vegetable-animal food aspect.Our country inhabitants' meals pattern's character is the ingestion from vegetal protein and fat is by far higher than the average of the world.The traditional meals consumption pattern which take vegetable food as priority,both 90% of caloric and more than 80% of protein are from vegetable food.In recent years,70% of caloric and 67% of protein have been from vegetable food,and have been increased with the animal food supply increasing,and the amount of fat from animal food has been excess the supply of vegetable food.We find by analysis that the course of our country inhabitants' food consumption and nutrition development has the obvious stage traits;we can divide it into four stages according to some standards: poverty stage,adequate food and clothing stage,pattern adjust stage,nutrition and health stage,and all these stages correspond to our economical development stages;the inhabitants' food consumption demand has been changed from the purse for adequate food and clothing to nutrition,health and science.In quite a long period of time from now,the period is the key time during which our country inhabitants' food consumption and nutrition will be changed,and should be given more attention.Meanwhile,it will be the good time to reasonably adjust food pattern and nutrition intervention.The paper puts forward the propose of promoting the development of our country inhabitants' consumption and nutrition health according to these major problems,such as the unreasonable food product pattern;hidden troubles among the quality of food,food safety and sanitation;the absence of effective guide of food consumption pattern and meal behavior;laggard food industry and scarcity of processing variety,extend of gap of food consumption,etc.