公民社会权利在中国:回顾、现状与政策建议

公民资格与公民社会权利概念主导了二战后主要发达国家的福利政策,实现社会权利成为市场经济社会中维护社会公正的重要途径。在当代,通过建立最低生活保障制度、出台义务教育学杂费减免政策以及扩大社会保险覆盖面等等,我国在扩展公民社会权利方面取得了重要进展,但我国公民的社会权利并没有建立在公民资格基础上,而是建立在身份、职业、收入等基础上。也因此,社会权利在促进社会公正方面的作用非常有限,甚至差别化的社会权利本身就是社会不公正的重要来源之一。构建和谐社会目标和任务的提出,为公民社会权利的扩展提供了可能;改革户籍制度和实现基本公共服务均衡化是当前扩展公民社会权利的主要途径,它们需要公共治理体系做出积极回应与调整,在多个政策层面做出改革与创新。

Citizen Social Right in China:Retrospection,Reality and Suggestion for Policy-making

In the establishment of western welfare states,the concepts of citizenship and citizen social right have been a dominant theme of social policies of major developed countries after World War II.The author emphasize that implementation of social right is the most important way to maintain social justice in market economy.While establishment of the minimum livelihood guarantee system,enforcement of free compulsory education,and increasing coverage of social insurance beneficiaries imply an expansion of social right of Chinese people,it is not based on citizenship,but on factors like status,occupation and economic capacity.As a result,the effect of social right in promoting social equality is minimized.In fact,differentiated welfare itself is a source of social inequality.The advancing of building a harmonious society provides possibilities of further expanding social right in China.Reform the Hukou system and equalizing the provision of basic public services by the government are two main approaches to expanding citizen social rights in China;both of which require an active response from and adjustment in the public governance system,institutional reform and innovation at various levels of policy-making as well.