英语国家当代人地关系地理学的传统与趋势

晚近时期英语国家人地关系地理学的发展可以大体分为三个阶段，每一个阶段，占主导地位的研究主题、研究方法和思想观点都有各自的特色，但又有继承性：（1）上世纪50年代以前两大方向并列发展期：人类对地球的改变（或文化景观）和改变我们的地球，两者都是在抛弃地理环境决定论的基础上力图重新解释人地关系。前者与历史学和人类学关系密切，强调过去的变化，所以被称为历史地理学或文化景观论。后者大量吸取生态学的观点和思想，投身于当代的资源管理事业，因而被称为人类生态学。（2）60一70年代批判和反批判时期：上世纪60年代，两个方向都遭到计量学派和马克思主义学派的夹击。前者对批判的反应形成分化，产生了文化生态学——政治生态学和人本主义地理学——新文化地理学两大系列。后者则接受了政治生态学的观点，演变成一种跨学科研究。（3）80年代后既分化又统一时期：分化表现在难以用单一的范畴概括学科的发展特征，统一表现在大多数学者致力于解决当代环境问题的研究中，如政治生态学、全球变化和可持续性科学。

The Traditions and Development of Human-environment Geography in English-speaking Countries

This paper summarizes the development of human-environment geography in English-speaking countries with the emphasis on its traditions and development in the past 100 years.Its development falls into three phases:(1) Parallel development of two traditions before the 1950s: human efforts at changing the earth and the influence of the changing earth;both try to reinterpret the human-environment relationship by abandoning environmental determinism. The former has a close relationship with history and anthropology and emphasizes past changes.Thus,it is called historical geography or cultural landscape.The latter,called human ecology,absorbs the ideas and concepts from ecology and pays attentions to resource management in modern times.(2) Critique and refutation phase during the 1960s and the 1970s: both traditions encountered criticism from both quantitative and Marxism schools.The two schools have grown out of cultural landscape in response to the criticism.One is cultural ecology-political ecology and the other humanistic geography-new cultural geography.The human ecology has developed into an interdisciplinary research in response to the criticism.(3) Disintegrating and unifying phase after the 1980s,which finds expression in the fact that it is difficult to generalize the disciplinary traits within one category while most scholars devote themselves to solving the existing environmental problems no matter whether they are oriented to political ecology, global changes or sustainability sciences.