20世纪初民族观的历史演进——兼论历史文化认同在中国近代的发展

历史文化认同是几千年来中华民族战胜无数艰难险阻、造就多民族统一国家的精神力量。20世纪初,“反满革命”成了民族文化认同这一古老精神所面对的新的时代课题。革命派对于这场革命有两种态度。章炳麟认为,“革命”就是“反满”,因此叫做“光复”,即从“满人”手里夺取政权重归“汉人”,“革命”成功后,满族20年内不得有选举权。这种主张具有明显的大汉族主义色彩。陈天华、孙中山则指出,推翻清朝建立民国以后,应实行包括满族在内的各民族的平等联合。这种主张有力地推动了文化认同和国家统一的进程。在此基础上,孙中山又提出了具有进步意义的“民族统一”主张。此后,梁启超著《中国历史上民族之研究》,初步构建了其民族思想的体系。特别是指出旧史家所谓“唐、虞、夏、商、周、秦、汉,皆同祖黄帝”的观点不合史实,古代华夏族乃是“多元结合”、“诸夏一体”的。又在《春秋载记》、《论中国学术思想变迁之大势》和《情圣杜甫》等著作中,用史实对他的民族观作了较为充分的说明。这些著作成为历史文化认同这个古老主题在新时代的标志性成果。

Formation of the Chinese Nation Concept at the Beginning of 20th Century:——Also on the developmet of history-culture identity in modern China

The beginning of the 20th century China witnessed a period of two conflicting argumentations about the conception of nation-culture identity,an old idea that confronts new problems.One of the argumentations is represented by ZHANG Bin-lin,who thought that revolution simply means fighting against the Man Nation,which is called Guangfu(Power Recovery from the Man Nation).The other is held by CHEN Tian-hua and SUN Yat-sen;they adovate equal attitude towards every nation,including Man,which has forcefully pushed forward the process of China's culture identity and state unification.And SUN further proposes the conception of "nation unification".Then LIANG revised his idea and published A Study of the Nations in Chinese History and hence set up an elementary system of Chinese ethnical ideology.He particularly pointed out some false ideas people have long committed,and,along with later published works,gave fuller account for his concept of nation.These works become a cornerstone for studying history-culture identification in China.