句子定义的三个平面解读

以往给句子下定义,主要路径有逻辑的角度、意义的完整性、结构的独立性、句调。由此认识句子的本质特征,有很大局限。对句子的各种定义进行梳理,从句法、语义、语用三个平面进行分析,重点对句子的语用特征即表述性特征进行探讨,可以见出：表述性是句子的本质特征。表述性分为句子的表述和句子的局部表述,句子的表述依靠句调来表现,它表达的是语气;句子的局部表述依靠语气词、语气副词等来表现,它表达的是口气;具体的句子和抽象的句子都具有表述性,但表述性的特点并不相同。具体的句子的表述性是外显的,实现了和语境的联系。而抽象的句子的表述性是内隐的,尚未实现和语境的联系。

The Interpretation for the Definition of Sentences at Three Planes

Previous definitions of sentences focused on the logic, the integrity of meaning, the independence of struc- ture and the intonation of sentences, which have revealed a great limitation for us to see the nature of sentences. If we focus on the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of sentences and probe into the pragmatic features （locutionary features） of sentences, we may find that locutionarity is the essential feature of sentences. The locutionary feature can be divided into two categories, the locutionarity of the whole sentence and the partial locutionarity of the sentence. Concrete sentences and abstract sentences all have locutionarity, but they differ in the features of locutionarity. The locutionarity of concrete sen- tences is explicit and is related to the context, while that of abstract sentences is implicit and is unrelated to the context.