From the Triple Helix to a Quadruple Helix? The Case of Dip-Pen Nanolithography |
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Authors: | Anne Marcovich Terry Shinn |
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Institution: | (1) Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, France;(2) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France |
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Abstract: | In this article, we propose four modifications to the standard Triple Helix innovation model, which consists of the three
strands: university, government, industry. First, in view of recent economic, cultural, organizational and ideological changes
in many countries, it is now important to introduce a fourth strand to the standard model, namely society. Second, we observe
that strands occur in doublets which we refer to as binomials. Examples of doublets include university/society, university/industry,
industry/society, etc. Third, the binomials are organized in a hierarchic mode; for example in the university/society binomial,
university may be dominant and the society secondary. The hierarchy arrangement proves decisive. Fourth, Helix-driven innovation
processes take the form of temporary segmented phases. Using the case study of Dip-Pen nanolithography, we identify four phases
where each phase is characterised by specific binomials accompanied by a hierarchy: academic instrument research (university/society);
from instrument to tool; company start-up (university/industry); the mature firm and commercialization (industry/society);
confirming the societal strand “nanofication”(society/industry). The government strand operates as a recessive component
in phases one and four. |
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