《隆中对》的政略修改与诸葛亮北伐的战略方针

蜀汉的政略方针在夷陵之战以前和以后是有变化的。夷陵之战的失败，给了蜀国一个沉重的教训，使它的当权人诸葛亮不得不对蜀汉的政略方针作一深入的思考，其结果，就是蜀汉政权对以前的政略方针作了局部的调整和改变。诸葛亮北伐的直接目的，既不是北伐中原，也不是以攻为守，而是进占陇右，进而占有关中，配置起两路进攻中原的另一支钳臂。这在诸葛亮的历次北伐中都体现出来。诸葛亮北伐的战略意义主要为：一具有弥补蜀汉以前政略失误；二关系到蜀汉的国力能否进一步壮大；三关系到能不能实现北进中原，兴复汉室的最终目标；四关系到能否与孙吴一起建立起新的钳形攻击曹魏的态势。诸葛亮北伐把主战场推向魏境，使司马懿不敢与之决战，大大地宣扬了蜀汉国威，鼓舞了蜀汉君臣和军民振兴蜀汉的壮志。其预期战略目标虽未实现，但对蜀汉国力的增强，对主敌曹魏的防御，都是不可低估的。

Policy Modifications in Longzhong Strategy and Tactic Guidelines in Northern Expedition

Political policies of Shu and Han Dynasty after the Yiling Battle are different. The failure gives Shu a good lesson and Zhuge Liang modified some policies a lot after careful consideration. The aim of Zhuge Liang＇s northern expedition is to occupy Long, and then seize hold of Guanzhong, functioning as another arm attacking Zhongyuan. The northern expedition is meaningful. Firstly, making up previous shortcomings; Secondly, work- ing in grandness of national power; Thirdly, working in realizing the entrance to Zhongyuan and resuming Han regime; Fourthly, working in cooperating Sun and Wu to fight against Cao and Wei. As a result, the battlefield was brought to Wei＇s area, Sima Yi dare not fight, both national power and soldiers morale inspired. The expedi- tion plays a very important role in recovery against Cao Cao＇s troops and grandness of national power.