Differentiated demand for private supplementary tutoring: Patterns and implications in Hong Kong secondary education |
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| Institution: | 1. Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong;2. UCL Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom;1. Institute of Education, Tsinghua University, China;2. Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;1. Department of Economics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;4. Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin |
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| Abstract: | A growing number of students around the world receive private tutoring in academic subjects. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education because it mimics regular schooling  as the school sector grows, so does the shadow; and as the curriculum in the school changes, so does the curriculum in the shadow. Private tutoring has long been a significant phenomenon in East Asia, but has not received adequate research attention.This paper focuses on private tutoring in Hong Kong. It draws on data collected through questionnaires from students in Grades 9 and 12, and analyzes the factors which shape the demand for private tutoring. The paper highlights the influence of school, family and individual factors on students’ demand, and reports on students’ declared reasons for taking private tutoring. It commences with a broad comparative picture, and concludes by showing what the Hong Kong data add to wider conceptual understanding. |
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| Keywords: | Private tutoring Shadow education Costs Demand for schooling Privatization |
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