高山滑雪运动损伤特征、影响因素及预防策略研究进展

通过系统梳理有关高山滑雪运动损伤的英文文献，对高山滑雪项目的运动损伤特征、影响因素及主要预防策略进行综合分析论证。发现：（1）高山滑雪的损伤发生率高；膝关节是最常见的损伤部位，手指、下背部、头面部等部位次之；损伤类型主要包括韧带损伤、应力性骨折、神经系统损伤/脑震荡等，在前交叉韧带（Anterior Cruciate Ligament，ACL）损伤方面无性别差异；损伤程度一般为中、重度，最严重者可致使运动员停训或中断参赛超过28天；运动员在训练与比赛中所面临的损伤风险相近。（2）影响高山滑雪运动损伤的基本因素包括两个方面，一是运动员本身的竞技水平、技术动作、性别年龄、先天遗传等相关的内部因素，它是减少和预防高山滑雪运动损伤最根本和最重要的因素；二是与竞训场地、器材、装备、气候等客观条件相关的外部因素，它们也对高山滑雪运动损伤特征产生一定影响。（3）对高山滑雪运动损伤的预防策略，可主要侧重于提高力量素质、优化技术动作、创新器材设备，并逐步加强多措并举、相互配合以产生综合效应的方向发展。本研究为加强与高山滑雪项目特征相匹配的运动损伤评价体系的构建，加大高山滑雪运动损伤的机制探究，探索新的预防手段和策略等后续研究奠定了科学基础。

Research Progress on Characteristics,Influencing Factors and Preventive Strategies in Alpine Skiing Sports Injury Study

As a key breakthrough in preparations for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games for the Chinese national team, alpine skiing is a sport with a high risk of injury. This paper reviewed alpine skiing sports injury related literature in English, and showed the characteristics, influencing factors and main preventive strategies of alpine skiing sports injury. The results showed that:(1) The incidence rate of alpine skiing injury was high;knee joint was the most common injury part, followed by lower extremity, finger, lower back, head and face. The common types of injuries included joint and ligament injuries, fractures and bone stress, nervous system/concussion. There was no gender difference in Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. The majority of these were moderate and severe injuries, and the most serious injury could lead athletes to be absent from normal training or competition for more than 28 days. The risk of injury in training and competition was similar. (2) The basic factors affecting the injury of alpine skiing included two aspects, one was the athletes' own competitive level, technical movements, sex and age, innate heredity and other athlete-related internal factors, which was the most fundamental and important factor to reduce and prevent alpine skiing injury. The other was the external factors related to the objective conditions such as training venue, equipment, climate and so on, which also had a certain impact on the damage characteristics of alpine skiing. (3) The prevention strategy mainly focused on improving the quality of strength, optimi-zing technical action, innovating equipment, and gradually strengthening the development of multiple measures at the same time and cooperating with each other to produce comprehensive effects. This paper lay a scientific foundation for future research such as strengthening the construction sports injury evaluation system matching with the characteristics of alpine skiing, the damage mechanism and preventive measures of alpine skiing injury, and explored new preventive measures, mechanism of alpine skiing injury, and new preventive means and strategies.