优秀青少年游泳运动员蹲踞式与抓台式游泳出发技术的对比分析

目的:基于青少年的生理特点,通过对比青少年游泳运动员采用蹲踞式和抓台式2种游泳出发技术时的运动学和动力学数据,以期为青少年游泳运动员的运动训练与比赛提供参考。方法:使用Kistler测力台和高速摄像机记录从青少年游泳运动员从准备姿势到入水的整个过程,通过对2种游泳出发技术参数的统计对比分析,总结这2种游泳出发技术的特点。结果:从游泳出发技术上来看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度、出发总时间大于抓台式,而入水角度较小;女性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度大于抓台式,而腾空时间、入水角度、出发总时间较小。从性别角度看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大;男性采用抓台式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大。结论:从游泳出发技术上来看,蹲踞式在滞台阶段加速蹬伸时间较长,但地面反作用力较大,且获得了更大的平均水平腾空速度,弥补了其滞台时间较长的缺点;在腾空阶段,在腾空时间无显著差异的情况下,蹲踞式具有明显较大的腾空距离,则蹲踞式在该阶段更具优势。从性别上来看,男性的加速蹬伸时间较小,且地面反作用力较大,但平均水平腾空速度较小,减小了男性在滞台阶段的优势;在腾空阶段,男性的腾空时间明显大于女性,但其腾空距离也较大。

Differences between the Grab and Tack Starts for Both Genders in Elite Teenager Swimmers

Objective:Based on the physiological characteristics of teenagers,this study compares the kinematics and dynamics data of two swimming starts(track start and grab start),in order to provide reference for the sports training and competition of teenagers.Methods:The whole process of swimming start was recorded by Kistler dynamometer and high-speed camera,and summarize the characteristics of the two swimming starts by comparing the technical parameters.Results:From the perspective of swimming start technique,the males have greater acceleration time,peak ground reaction force,flight time,flight distance,average horizon flight speed,start time compared with grab start,but have smaller entrance angle;For the females,they have greater acceleration time,peak ground reaction force,flight distance,start time when using track start,but have smaller flight time,entrance angle,and start time.From the perspective of gender,the males have smaller acceleration time,average horizon flight speed,and entrance angle compared with females,but have greater peak ground reaction force,flight time,flight distance,and start time;For grab start,the males have smaller acceleration time,average horizon flight speed and entrance angle,but have greater peak ground reaction force,flight time,flight distance and start time.Conclusion:From the perspective of swimming start technique,track start have longer acceleration time,but have bigger ground reaction force,and get greater average horizon speed in flight phase,make up the shortcoming of longer acceleration time.In the flight phase,there have no significant differences in flight time,but track start have significant differences in flight distance,so track start has advantage in this phase.From the perspective of gender,the acceleration time of male is smaller,and the ground reaction force is bigger,but have smaller average horizon speed in flight phase,which reduces the advantage of male in block time;In the flight phase,the flight time of male is significantly bigger than the female,and have longer flight distance.