The Knowledge Creation Metaphor – An Emergent Epistemological Approach to Learning |
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Authors: | Sami Paavola Kai Hakkarainen |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, Centre for Research on Networked Learning and Knowledge Building, University of Helsinki, (Siltavuorenpenger 20 D), P.O.Box 9, SF-00014 Helsinki, Finland |
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Abstract: | We argue that beyond metaphors, according to which learning is a process of knowledge acquisition by individual learners (a “monological” approach) or participation to social interaction (a “dialogical” approach), one should distinguish a “trialogical” approach, i.e., learning as a process of knowledge creation which concentrates on mediated processes where common objects of activity are developed collaboratively. The third metaphor helps us to elicit and understand processes of knowledge advancement that are important in a knowledge society. We review three approaches to knowledge-creation, i.e., Bereiter‘s knowledge-building, Engeström‘s expansive learning, and Nonaka and Takeuchi‘s organizational knowledge-creation. We give a concise analysis of the trialogical character of the knowledge-creation approach, and illustrate how the third metaphor may be applied at the school level. |
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