论日本传统兵学对幕末变革思想的影响——以山鹿流兵学家吉田松阴为例

关于日本幕末时期变革思想的现有研究多侧重来自西方的影响。实则以山鹿流兵学家吉田松阴(1830-1859)为代表,日本幕末变革思想深受日本近世(17世纪初至19世纪中叶)传统兵学的影响。吉田松阴是日本近代最有名的人物之一,他的门下曾涌现出久坂玄瑞、高杉晋作、木户孝允、伊藤博文、山县有朋等倒幕维新运动的重要领导者,可见其地位之重要。松阴自幼奠定的以山鹿流兵学为中心的学问基础,从根本上塑造了他独特的变革逻辑,他对"约"和"博"的辩证关系有着较为深刻的体认,所以才会对其他流派的兵学以及各种学问都抱有积极开放的求知态度;他对"理"与"变"的辩证关系也有着较为深入的了解,形成了以不变的"理"为指导并且与时俱变的理念;他所服膺的日本近世兵学具有强烈的政治关怀,这使他不仅在军事上能够随机应变,在政治上也日渐萌发了独特的变革意识,直至促使他和他的门下前仆后继,投身于倒幕维新运动,最终推动日本走上了近代化之路。

Traditional Militarism in Japan and Revolutionary Thoughts in Later Tokugawa Shogunate Period:The Case of Yoshida Shoyin,a Yamaga Ryu Heigaku Scholar

This article takes Yoshida Shoyin as a case to examine the characteristics of the reform thoughts in the late period of Tokugawa Shogunate.The relevant studies have generally focused on the reaction of Shoyin to challenges of the west.The present paper observes the identity of Shoyin before he met these new conditions.It argues that the basic view of his scholarship with Yamaga Ryu Heigaku as the foundation decides his reform logic.He was open to other military schools and scholarship while insisting on his...