语用规则与跨文化语用失误——汉语第二语言言语行为语用失误原因及对策

在与汉语母语者进行普通国际交往或学习汉语过程中,英语母语者往往在恭维与赞美、问候与寒暄、请求与建议、致谢与致歉、邀请与拒绝等常见言语行为方面出现社交语用失误。如果从跨文化交际角度重新审视中英两种语言的语用规则,便可发现导致语用失误的三个内在原因:其一,中英语之间有不同的语用规则;其二,相同的语用规则其主次排序及其动态变化却不同;其三,语用规则与不同言语行为之间匹配错位。有鉴于此,有必要了解中英语语用规则的差异,正确选择不同言语行为所匹配的语用规则,积极调适语用规则的主次排序及其动态变化,从而避免言语行为语用失误,以获得预期的交际效果。

Pragmatic Rules and Cross-culture Pragmatic Inappropriateness

In communication with Chinese people and learning the Chinese langauge,there are always English speakers who commit pragmatic inappropriateness of one kind or another in the cross-culture communication,in appraising,greeting,suggesting,apologizing,inviting,and refusing.I find that the key reason lies in different pragmatic rules of the two languages,the different importance orders of points in talking and their switch strategies,and the mismatches per se.The main ways out include:to understand fully the differences,to learn the mismatches and the alternative routine of speech acts,and to observe the importance orders and its switch strategies,so that the pragmatic inappropriateness can be reduced to the minimum.