科技伦理"全员"论:想象的主体想象的活动

撇开具体的社会物质生活条件,撇开特定的社会历史形态,一些论者把科技伦理定义为全体科技当事人服务于全体人类。这种科技伦理“全员”论只不过是“想象的主体的想象的活动”,等于运用现象学还原的方法把社会历史因素存入了“括号”之中,充其量只是谢林的“理智直观”或胡塞尔的“本质直观”的产物,是地地道道的“唯心主义的非理性主义”;超现实、超历史、超阶级、超国家的科技伦理只是一种主观的虚妄;资本主义私有制生产关系下的科技活动及其异化、资本主义国家价值取向的“单向度”性,决定了科技伦理“全员”论不但是“认识论的贵族主义”,而且是“抽象的乌托邦主义”。唯物主义的科技伦理观的科学性就在于:从科技活动的现实出发、从现存的社会历史形态出发,去说明和解释科学技术的发生、发展及其伦理蕴含。惟其如此,我们的科技伦理学才能立足于“自己思维的此岸性”———不但帮助人们“解释世界”,而且指导人们“改变世界”。

The "Crew" Viewpoint of Ethic of Science and Technology: "the Imaginary Actions of the Imaginary Subjects"

The "crew" viewpoint of ethic of science and technology, putting aside the rigid social material living conditions and the given historical social models, is defined as all the crew of science and technology serving all the human. This "crew" viewpoint is just "the imaginary actions of the imaginary subjects ". It amounts to setting the social historical elements in parentheses by the reducing method of phenomenology, and it is just the production of Schelling's "intellectual intuition" or Husserl's "essential intuition" at most. So it authentically belongs to the "non-rationalism of idealism". The ethic of science and technology that surpasses the reality, the history, the class and the nation is just a kind of subjective illusion. The dissimilation of scientific and technological actions under capitalism and the "one-dimension" value tropism determine that the "crew" viewpoint is not only the "aristocratism of epistemology" but also the "abstract Utopianism". That the material viewpoint of ethic of science and technology is scientific consists in the fact that it starts from the reality of scientific and technological actions and the given social model to explain the production, the development and the ethical implications of science and technology. In this way, the ethics of science and technology can be established in "our thinking' such bank" -which not only helps people "explain the world" but also instructs people to "change the world."