Insights from successful and unsuccessful implementations of school reform programs

Past educational reforms were commonly found to be of limited success, due to the fact that schools alone cannot overcome the developmental challenges that poverty and ethno-cultural segregation impose upon many children. However, there are reports of some reform programs that have frequently been successful in low-achieving, poverty-ridden, and ethno-culturally segregated schools. In this paper, two such successful school reform programs—School Development Program; Child Development Project—were examined in order to identify processes linked to their frequent success, with a focus on the implementation and sustainability of these programs. The analysis was theoretically guided by Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological theory of human development. A web of interdependent processes, related to relationship building, autonomy, resistance to change, competence, leadership, team support, and school-family-community partnerships, was identified. These findings are discussed in regard to a conceptual and practical shift in school reform: (a) towards schools as caring communities that address universal human needs in culturally appropriate ways, with accountability tied to providing continuity and support to empowered students; and (b) away from schools that universally focus on narrow, externally imposed, and discriminatory outcome goals.