秦代县行政文书运作研究— 以“徒作簿”为例

秦代“徒作簿”作为官府劳力管理的簿籍文书,政府对其制作、审核、校对、存档等细节有着严格管理。本文通过对里耶秦简所见诸多“徒作簿”的考察,结合岳麓简“内史仓曹令甲 ”,可知秦代“徒作簿”至少分为“日簿”和“ 簿”（或“月簿”）两类。县属机构是“徒作簿”的制作部门,县廷负责“徒作簿”的审计。“徒作簿”以“疏书”的格式记录,以“牒”的形式呈送及存档。“徒作簿”的呈送方式依据县属机构距离县廷的远近,所需呈送的日期、频率、地点各有不同。但在实际呈送过程中,如遇特殊情况,也可灵活处理,显示出秦代政务运作的适度灵活。

Research on Operational Pattern of County Administrative Documents in Qin Dynasty:Based on the Records of Labourers'Working

The records of labourers' working were concerning the labor management in Qin Dynasty, and the government strictly managed their production, examination, proofreading, archiving and other details. Combining the records of labourers' working in Liye Qin bamboo slips with the ordinances concerning the Ministry of Finance and the Granary of Yuelu academy collection, the following conclusions can be drawn. The records of labourers' working can be divided into two types: daily records and monthly records. They were made by county agencies and audited by county court. What's more, they were recorded in the form of Shushu, submitted and archived in the form of Die. The required date, frequency and location of records submitting varied due to the distance between the county agency and the county court. However, the records could be handled flexibly in case of special circumstances, showing the moderate flexibility of administrations of Qin Dynasty.