Assessment of learning disabilities: The complexity of causes and consequences

Abstract

This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about underlying causes of learning difficulties and the resultant cognitive strategies and behaviours they generate. Three layers or levels of a causal'behavioural interaction are suggested: 1) neurological ‐ biochemical 2) cognitive 3) behavioural. The importance of the environment is emphasised at all levels of this model, with examples of the effect of environmental influences provided. The paper highlights our growing awareness of the complexity of causal variables and of their likely importance for assessment and intervention.