清代同治、光绪年间赈灾中的捐纳

同治，光绪年间，清政府在几次大的赈灾中举办捐纳，收捐实职，并将这种措施在全国范围内推广，实施这种举措的主要原因，一为灾荒的空前严重，二为清政府财政的日益支绌。作为一时的应急措施，在短时期内是行之有效的，从长远的观点来看，这种措施对清政府来说无异于饮鸩止渴，尤其是收捐实职，危害更大：其一，它使官场流品之滥达于极点；其二，使行贿受贿之风到处蔓延。同时，它也不可能从根本上解决清政府的财政问题。

DONATIONS MADE IN THE COURSE OF RELIEVING THE PEOPLE IN THE STRICKKEN AREAS IN THE YEARS OF EMPEROR TONGZHI AND GUANGXU

In the years of Emperor Tonxzhi and Guangxu, the Qing government carried out several large scale campaigns for relieving people in stricken areas in which donations were made, and those who donated would be given an official title. This policy was spread in the whole country. There were several reasons for this:1, Natural famine was extremely severe in those years; 2, The government's finance were increasingly strained. This policy, as an emergency measure, were effective only in a short time. In the long run , it was as good as drinking poison to quench thirst, and the selling of official titles in particular did even more harm: 1, There were far too more nominal officials in the government; 2, Bribery became rife. What's more, it could by no means solve the financial problem of the government.