泾河流域退耕还林(草)综合效益与生态补偿趋向

采用典型农户调查和地方政府访谈等方法，对泾河流域上游地区的固原市原州区退耕还林(草)综合效益进行了评估，并基于退耕还林的效益和实施过程中出现的问题，对后续生态补偿趋势进行了探讨。结果表明，原州区退耕还林的生态效益显著，其价值量平均为1 674.1元/(hm²·年)，按2000年～2004年完成的退耕面积，总效益高达8 408.2×10⁴元/年，退耕使当地严重的水土流失状况得到了控制。研究表明，退耕还林对当地农牧生产和农村社会经济具有双重效应，一方面，退耕促进了作物生产结构优化和基本农田生产力的提高，农村剩余劳动力转移速度加快；另一方面，草食性牧业生产受到了一定影响，农民收入也比预计值偏低。从后续生态补偿的趋势看，延长补偿期限是大势所趋，但补偿标准可适当降低。在补偿方式上，应改为单一现金补偿，并通过流域补偿方式多源筹集资金，同时要加大对替代产业的扶持力度。

Effects of Converting Arable Land into Forest (Grassland) and Eco-Compensation:A Case Study in Yuanzhou County, Guyuan City of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

The paper assesses integrated effects of converting arable land into forest(grassland) in Yuanzhou county of Guyuan city of the upper stream of Jinghe watershed by using household questionary surveys and institutional surveys and interviews.It also explores eco-compensation mechanism with focus on effects and problems appearing during the implementation of the conversion project.The results shown that the annual ecological values of carbon sequestration,water and soil conservation are 618.5 RMB,983.7 RMB and 71.9 RMB per hectare of land converted,and a total annual ecological value are 1674.1RMB per hectare;the total annual value of carbon sequestration,water and soil conservation reached 31.05 million RMB,49.383 million RMB and 3.609 million RMB according to the total converted area from the year of 2000 to 2004 and a total value reached 84.082 million RMB per year.And as a result,soil erosion and flood has been mitigated greatly in Yuanzhou County.Two significant effects are observed from the study: on the one hand,conversion of arable land has promoted optimization of crop structure and increase in arable land productivity,and fasted transformation of rural surplus labor force.According to farm household questionary survey data and statistic data,the proportion of grain and edible oil crops decreased to 84.9% from 90.1% after the project implemented,the yield of grain crops increased 18.7%,and off-farm work time increased about 5 months per farm household per year. On the other hand,herbivore livestock production has been seriously affected,and farmers' income decreased.According to the farm household questionary survey data,forage shortage was aggravated and many households had to reduce animal quantity after the project,which produced a negative effect on farmer's income. It is found that eco-compensation would be a way out for solving the problems. The paper suggests that the current compensation duration should be extended in order to prevent converted land from reclaimed again,but the standards should be lowered to about 1 200 RMB to 1 500 RMB per hactare.As for the compensation approach,monetary payment could be adopted,and multiple financial sources should be explored in the watershed.For example,watershed compensation mechanism could be founded gradually,which has been proved a good way for collecting money.Moreover,promotion of substitute industries is an alternative approach for local people to get additional income.