试述清代大黄制夷观念的发展演变

本文叙述了大黄制夷观念的来龙去脉,揭示了不同时期大黄制夷观念之间的联系与区别.本文认为,在乾隆五十一--乾隆五十七年关闭中俄恰克图互市中,清朝所采取的种种查禁大黄的措施,推动了大黄制夷观念的发展演化.大黄制夷观念出现了多种演进模式,到鸦片战争时期盛极一时.盛极而衰.随着道光九年至十年茶黄制夷(浩罕)的失败,大黄制夷观念受到了极大的动摇.鸦片战争时期茶黄制夷(英)的失败促成了大黄制夷观念全面衰微.五口通商时期,大黄制夷观念仍不时沉渣泛起;咸丰七年,终成绝响.此后,大黄仍是重要的药材及出口商品,并在文化的意义上屡为清人提及.

On the Evolution of the Idea of Controlling Barbarians by Rhubarb in Qing Dynasty

This paper depicts the idea of controlling barbarian by rhubarb in Qing Dynasty from beginning to end, and exposes the relation and difference in its various periods. The measures controlling rhubarb, which adopted in the period of stopping Sino-Russia trade, that is, from 51th year to 57th year of Qianlong, promoted the evolution of the idea of controlling barbarians by rhubarb. The idea had various types in its evolution, and was prevailed during the period of Opium War. However, with the failure of controlling barbarians in the period of 9th year to 10th of Daoguang, the idea was in huge shake, and the defeat of controlling the barbarians (English) during the Opium War led to its the complete wane. In the period of five treaty ports, the idea was still sometimes talked of and finally ended in the 7th year of Xian-feng. Afterwards, rhubarb was still an important drug and export, and was talked of in the significance of culture in late Qing Dynasty.