试论19世纪法国中间阶层的兴起及其社会影响

19世纪中期以后 ,法国出现了一个新阶层——中间阶层。它主要由中小业主、职员、低级官员和自由职业者组成 ,他们是随着法国工业化、城市化的发展而于第二帝国末兴起 ,第三共和国时进入政权 ;他们的经济地位与工人相近 ,但在文化程度、生活态度和行为方式等方面则大不相同 ,其政治倾向由激进逐渐转向保守。新阶层的出现对法国 1 9世纪后期政治民主化、共和国的稳定和进步都产生了极其重要的影响。

On the Rising of French Intermediate Strata in19th Century and its Social Influence

In the later half of the1 9th century,the new stratum,namely,the Middle Class,came into existence in France.The new stratum of the Middle Class,which rose with the industrialization and urbanization of France at the end of the Second Empire and came into power during the Third Repub- lic,were mainly composed of such people as medium- and- small- scale property owners,office clerks, low- rank government officials,and liberal professionals.While their economic status was very close to that of the industrial workers,the intermediate stratum varied considerably in their education,be- havioral style and attitude toward life.Their political inclination turned from being radical at first to being conservative later.The emergence of the new stratum exercised a significant influence on the political democratization of the late1 9th century French society,and on the stability and progress of the Republic as well.