草甸退化胁迫下的适应性探讨——以青海省达日县为例

在土地退化胁迫下,当前黄河源区牧业存在的主要问题是牲畜结构不合理,草场尤其是冬季草场严重不足,这些问题成为制约区域经济发展与生态建设的突出因素.本文采用分层随机抽样和参与式农村评估等方法,于2004年5月、2006年11月、2007年9月、2008年9月对达日县牧户进行了四期抽样调查,分析了高寒草甸退化胁迫下政府和牧民适应措施的变化.研究结果显示:①在牲畜结构方面表现为牲畜存栏数减少;牦牛母畜比例上升.1976年-2006年藏羊存栏数减少60.90%;马存栏数减少了57.78%;牦牛存栏数减少25.96%.2004年以来,成年母畜在牦牛畜群中比例逐渐增加;②在草场利用方式上,表现为转夏场时间提前.5月前转场牧民比例由2004年的41.50%提高到2007年的61.00%.这暂时平衡了冬夏草场的压力,缓解了冬季牲畜草料供应短缺的问题;但这种调整加大了夏季草场的压力,可能会加速夏季草场的退化.因此,一是要进一步加大草场保护和生态恢复建设,遏止草场持续退化的态势;二要结合区域特点,建议以生态补偿形式从相邻省区或饲草(料)基地购入(/调入)草料,缓解草地压力过大的状况;③生态移民方面,移民户数增长缓慢.调查区2003年有105户迁移,到2008年也仅有115户移出.2005年实施以草定畜后,除上红科、莫坝、特合土、桑日麻等乡镇外,其余乡镇超载严重.牧户经济基础差、移民支配生产的能力差等因素,可能是导致生态移民和以草定畜措施执行效果不佳的主要原因.因此,如何提升生态移民的经济与生态效果,如何构建搬迁牧民的社会保障体系,如何扶持发展畜牧业的替代产业等,仍是近期黄河源区生态建设与退化草地恢复的核心问题.

Herdsmen's Adaptation to Alpine Grassland Degradation:a case study of dalag county,china

Research of the herdsmen’s adaptation to alpine grassland degradation is not only meaningful to mitigate the impacts of grassland degradation on herdsmen,but also helpful to the government to formulate the environmental policy.The spot check of the herdsmen,taken in May 2004,November 2006,September 2007 and September 2008 in Dalag County by the methods of stratified random sampling and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and its tools,was conducted to analyze the adaptive changes of the herdsmen under alpine grassland degradation.Results showed that the numbers of yaks and Tibetan sheep reduced from 1976 to 2006,and that of bulls reduced from 2004 to 2007.In view of the use patterns of pasture,the ratio of herdsmen that took pasture-transfer before May in the years of 2004,2006 and 2007 showed an increasing trend year by year.After the adoption of the ecological immigration policy,the ratio of the number of immigrants increased slowly year by year from 2002 to 2006.Since the starting of the policy of limiting livestock based on grassland carrying capacity,severe overgrazing has emerged in all the towns,except for Shanghongke,Tehetu,Moba and Sangrima villages with a rate of less than 0.The main reason for the poor implementation of national adaptive policy is that the lives of herdsmen were miserable.Their production and living expenses were far greater than their income.The immigration could not dominate the production in the alpine grassland regions.