Temperamental sensitivity to early maltreatment and later family cohesion for externalizing behaviors in youth adopted from foster care |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;2. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;1. Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA;2. Yale Center for Medical Informatics, 300 George Street, Suite 501, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA;3. Department of Surgery, Greenville Health System,701 Grove Road, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA;4. Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA;5. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208042, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8042, USA;6. Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208064, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8064, USA;1. Harry Cummings and Associates, 96 Kathleen St, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;3. School of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;1. Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea;2. Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea;3. Department of Sociology, The Academy of Korean Studies (AKS), South Korea;1. Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA;2. Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Dole Human Development Building, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27705, USA;4. Department of Psychology, University of Missouri—Kansas City, 5030 Cherry Street, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA |
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| Abstract: | Children in foster care frequently have histories of physical/sexual abuse and neglect, increasing their risk for externalizing behaviors (EB; e.g., aggression). According to the differential susceptibility theory, children with reactive temperaments (e.g., negative emotionality) may be particularly vulnerable to early maltreatment, but may also benefit the most from environmental enrichment such as family cohesion. In a high-risk longitudinal sample of 82 children adopted from foster care in Los Angeles County from 1996 and 2001, we examined predictions of EB from childhood to adolescence/young adulthood from temperament, preadoption maltreatment, and adoptive family cohesion. Overall, results from generalized linear models and generalized estimating equations (GEE) did not support differential susceptibility theory – specifically, youth with early reactive temperament did not exhibit heightened sensitivity to maltreatment nor to later adoptive family cohesion. Instead, reactive temperament was associated with higher EB at initial adoptive placement and escalating EB across childhood, controlling for age, gender, race-ethnicity, preadoption maltreatment, and adoptive family cohesion. Preadoption maltreatment history was unrelated to baseline EB, although sexual abuse history predicted escalating childhood EB post-adoption, whereas exposure to family violence (e.g., domestic violence) inversely predicted EB over time. By late adolescence/young adulthood 11–15 years post-adoption, rates of arrest and substance use in this sample were relatively comparable to normative populations of youth, although older age of adoption predicted more substance use in late adolescence/young adulthood. Findings highlight early reactive temperament and preadoption maltreatment as important risk factors to target for ameliorating patterns of EB growth in the first few years of adoption. |
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| Keywords: | Maltreatment Temperament Externalizing behavior Foster children Adoption |
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