美、苏两国有关欧洲集体安全问题的交锋（1954-1957）

1954年2月10日柏林四国外长会议上苏联首次正式提出有关建立欧洲集体安全体系的建议，使欧洲集体安全问题成为了当时人们关注的焦点问题之一，直至1958年美苏在柏林问题上的再次紧张而走向平息。根据有关档案研究发现，美苏两国在这一问题存在着根本性的分歧，苏联打算通过建立欧洲集体安全体系，“绕开”东西方争执已久的德国问题，保持欧洲和德国的分裂现状，巩固苏联在欧洲的势力范围和对东欧的控制，实现阻止联邦德国加入北约、削弱西方联盟、将美国排除在欧洲之外等目标；美国则主张先让德国在自由选举的基础上完成统一后再考虑欧洲集体安全问题，而且统一后的德国必须加入北约，反对因建立所谓欧洲集体安全而削弱西方阵营的实力。双方的分歧使美苏双方在柏林四国外长会议以及随后的会议上在建立欧洲集体安全的议题上都无法达成共识。究其原因在于，一是美苏两国都没有真正打算放弃以实力为基础的抗衡政策；二是双方在德国问题上的分歧导致美苏双方在欧洲集体安全问题上难以形成一致，特别是在德国问题和欧洲集体安全问题的解决顺序上观点完全不同。

Heated Exchanges on European Collective Security between the United States and the Soviet Union, 1954-1957

It was the first time for the Soviet Union to propose formally the proposal of establishing the European Collective Security System at the Berlin Four-power Talks of Foreign Ministers on Feb 10th. 1954. After that, the problem of European collective security had become one of the foci for a long time until the burst of the dispute on the Berlin Issue between America and the Soviet Union in 1958. According to relevant archives, it is easy to find the basic difference between America and the Soviet Union on it. The Soviet Union wanted to establish the European Collective Security System and detoured the dispute of the German Issue between the West and the East for achieving more purposes such as stabilizing the division of Germany and Europe which was good for the controlling of its zone in Europe, weakening the West alliance and excluding the American troop from Europe and so on. America stood for some point of view that Germany must reunify in the free elections firstly then considered the problem of European Security, reunified Germany must join the NATO, and it objected the Soviet suggestion of setting up the system of European Collective Security which would weaken the force of the West alliance. For the sake of the immense divergence, the Soviet Union and America were unable to agree on each other’s viewpoint on European Collective Security at the Berlin Four-power Talks of Foreign Ministers and subsequent conferences. This paper argues that there are two main reasons about this, one is that these two countries didn’t truly quit the containment policy which was based on the power, the second is that it was hard to form consensus on European collective security between these two countries due to divergences over the German question, especially different ideas which they had on the sequence of solving the German Issue and European collective security.