试论传统中国土地国有制的实现形式和途径

春秋战国时期,诸侯国为了在争霸战中取胜,纷纷建立了土地的国有制,为了实现土地的国有制,历代王朝采取了各种措施和办法。在唐中期以前,以直接控制土地和人口为侧重点,在唐中期以后,国家变革税收制度,土地税以征收银两为主,利用市场价格关系实现土地的国有制。土地兼并和土地集中是土地国有制的必然产物,它反过来对土地的国有制造成冲击。为了更好地实现土地的国有制,国家采取种种措施和办法,比如采取控制人口、丈量土地、政治干预等等办法,除此之外,国家还利用各种办法间接收税,比如像汉代的专卖制度。

The Realization Form and Implementation Measures of the Traditional Chinese Land State ownership

In the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period,in order to win Hegemony war,Vassal states have established the state-owned land system.In order to achieve the system,the dynasties have taken various measures and methods to control land and population before the mid-Tang Dynasty and focus on the tax system on the basis of the market price after the mid-Tang Dynasty.Annexation and concentration of land is the inevitable result of the state ownership of land,which in turn impacts onto the land of the state-owned.In order to better implement state-owned land system,the states have adopted various measures and methods,for example,taking the way of population control and measurement of land,political interference,in addition,using a variety of ways to take tax indirectly,such as the monopoly system in Han Dynasty.