大学理性的萌芽:中世纪大学思想制度考察

由于经济与理性的复苏,中世纪大学作为人类最黑暗时代萌生的"智慧之花",开始闪烁"一些非常耀眼的光芒":首先,作为西方文明最具原初性的中世纪大学组织从"与上帝事业融为一体"趋于"主动依附于国家",并在课程、考试、学位与管理诸方面呈现民主化倾向;其次,随着中世纪大学自我"封闭"与贵族化进程,兼具自治、自由、独立精神的知识分子阶层开始从中诞生;最后,中世纪大学是由全体教员、学院、课程、考试、毕业典礼和学位构成的完整教育体系。这表明,人类与生俱来的知识与理性精神继续顽强生长在中世纪共同的宗教范式内,并渐渐趋向中世纪大学内部统一的理性原则,从而为19世纪大学"理性共同体"的最终定型奠定了坚实的思想与制度基础。可以说,中世纪大学是学术知识与理性复苏的产物,开始重视理性的学术研究成为中世纪大学的基本精神;中世纪大学通过自身理智力部分满足了教会对知识与人才培养的需求,最终获得了适合自身功能与定位的生存空间与合法地位;中世纪大学是大学理性的萌芽与逐渐制度化时期,并由此深深打下了基于学术与知识的"理性共同体"烙印。

The Sprout of University Reason: Research on the Ideological System of Medieval University

Due to the resurgence of economy and reason,the medieval university started to spark "some extremely brilliant light" as the "flower of wisdom" which was conceived in the darkest era of humanity.First,as the most original organization of western civilization,medieval university began "to attach to the country initiatively" from "integrating with the God career",and presented a democratic inclination in curriculum,examinations,degrees and management and so on.Second,with the "self-closing" and aristocratism of medieval university,the intelligentsia with self-government,freedom and spirit of independence came into being.Finally,medieval university was a complete education system which was constituted by faculty,college,course,examination,graduation and degree.This indicates that human innate knowledge and rational spirit continued to grow in a common religion paradigm of the Middle Ages,and tended to the internal united rational principles of medieval university gradually,so as to lay a solid ideological foundation for the final institutionalization of "rational community" of universities in the 19th century.It can be said that medieval university was the result of academic knowledge and resurgence of reason,and paying attention to the rational academic research was becoming the basic spirit of the medieval university;medieval university fulfilled the ecclesiastic requirement of knowledge and talent-training through their own intellectual power,and obtained the living space and legal status which was suitable to their own function and location ultimately;medieval university was the period of germination and gradually institutionalization of university reason,and thus laid a deep brand of "rational community" that was based on academic and knowledge.