Validation of the swimming competence questionnaire for children |
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Authors: | Derwin K C Chan Alfred Sing Yeung Lee Duncan J Macfarlane Martin S Hagger Kyra Hamilton |
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Institution: | 1. Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong , China;2. School of Psychology, Curtin University , Perth, Australia;3. Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , China derwin@eduhk.hk;5. Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8837-7085;6. Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , China;7. Psychological Sciences, University of California , Merced, USA;8. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv?skyl? , Jyvaskyla, Finland;9. School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Brisbane, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-1546;10. School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Brisbane, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-685X |
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Abstract: | ABSTRACT Two studies were employed to test the reliability and validity of the Swimming Competence Questionnaire (SCQ) among primary school children. Study 1 was a cross-sectional survey in 4959 primary school children. Study 2 was a pre-post-test quasi-experiment among 1609 primary school children who underwent a 20-lesson learn-to-swim programme. In Study 1, exploratory structural equation modelling revealed excellent goodness-of-fit and scale reliability for a two-factor model comprising distance and skill factors, which supported the construct and convergent validity. SCQ scores were significantly and positively correlated with swimming outcomes (i.e., self-efficacy, intention, swimming frequency), which supported SCQ’s concurrent and criterion validity. Average variance extracted for the SCQ factors exceeded cut-off criteria supporting discriminant validity. In Study 2, pre-test SCQ scores correlated significantly and positively with the SCQ scores, self-efficacy, intention, and swimming frequency at post-test, which supported SCQ’s test-retest reliability and predictive validity. Positive intraclass correlation between SCQ scores and coach ratings at post-test provided evidence for SCQ’s inter-rater reliability. SCQ scores significantly improved at post-test, which supported SCQ’s ecological validity. In conclusion, findings indicate that the SCQ is a valid and reliable measure to assess primary school children’s swimming competence, in terms of swimming distance and basic water survival skills. |
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Keywords: | Psychometric tool self-efficacy sport competence water safety validity |
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