清末官办高等教育课程体系的转型与失范(1862-1911)

清末我国逐渐引入西方近代学科,同文馆课程为讲求西学而设,京师大学堂课程从实行“中西并重,观其会通”到“推行无弊,造就通才”,中体西用理念指导下的清末官办高等教育课程经历了从古典人文教育向现代学科体系的转型。新学的引进在理念-制度-应用层面逐步深化,但以经学为代表的中学之“根基”地位却出现偏差,面临“中学(经学)为体”难以坚持的实践尴尬。这种转型期“失范”现象具有深刻的时代烙印,究其根本是未经改造的旧学逐渐失去吸引力而未被及时体察;课程发展不可以古非今,也不可以西学取代中学,而应该与时俱进地进入中西学融汇的新阶段。

The Transition and Anomie of the Government-run Higher Education Curriculum System in the Late Qing Dynasty(1862-1911)

Since the first introduction of Western modern disciplines in the late Qing Dynasty,the courses at Tongwenguan had been designed to teach western subjects,and the curriculum at the Imperial University of Peking had changed from"paying equal attention to both Chinese and the western subjects and their integration"to"training all-round and practical talents".In the process of transition from classical liberal arts to modern knowledge system,the official higher education curriculum in the late Qing Dynasty guided by the concept of application of Western ideas within the Chinese traditional systems.The introduction of new knowledge had gradually deepened at the level of concept,system,and application.In the process,the"foundation"role of Chinese learning represented by Confucian classics had deviated.This phenomenon of"anomie"in the transitional period had a profound imprint of the times.The fundamental reason was that the unreformed traditional knowledge had gradually lost its appeal,which was not detected in time.Curriculum development can't refute the present with the past,nor can Western learning replace Chinese learning.Instead,it should keep pace with the era,and enter a new stage of integration of Chinese and Western learning.