| Abstract: | The strengths of the now classic Kulhavy/Stock model of instructional feedback are summarized and various researchers′ suggestions for improvement are incorporated into an expanded model. Data from two computer drill experiments demonstrate that the use of feedback varies systematically between subjects: the highest achieving subjects use feedback as the Kulhavy/Stock model predicts, the intermediate achievers use of feedback is less predictable, and the lowest achievers use feedback in a nearly random manner. These response patterns can be addressed in a feedback processing model which adds higher level goals related to certitude and correct responding. The expanded model has the following characteristics: feedback processing is not automatic, but varies in mindfulness; learner′s individual goals are incorporated; analysis and modeling are conducted on a subject by subject basis; and instructional feedback is understood more in terms of each learner′s control systems and less in terms of a stimulus-response orientation. |
