从乡野到庙堂--略论传统乡村景观的演变

从死亡出发，传统乡村的世界观中包括了神、鬼、祖先的观念。这亦是传统王朝世界观一个缩影。因为，在皇帝看来，“人鬼之道，幽明虽殊，其理则一。”因此，施幽祭祖的仪式，贯通与对应着从乡野到庙堂的王朝统治秩序。朝廷的规定既是对地方行为的规范，也对地方传统的承认；而在乡村礼仪实践的过程中，村民、仪式专家展演出来的往往是因应于自身环境的对王朝礼仪的改写、创造与表达。祖灵的祭祀关系到地理的范围以及财产的权利，人---祖先/神---地连接在一起，这就是地域社会的根据。但是，在南中国家庙形制的祠堂在景观上成为乡村的核心却是明中期以后的发展。

From the Village Wilds to the Memorial Temples---A Brief Discussion on Changes in the Village Landscape

In view of death,the traditional rustic outlook involves concepts of gods,ghosts and ances-tors. It is the miniature of the traditional royal outlook. In the eyes of emperors,“Although the world of the living and that of the dead differ in their ways,the principles that govern them are the same. ”So the ceremonies of ancestor worship in the village memorial temples penetrate and correspond with the dynastic ruling orders. The stipulations of the Imperial courts not only governed local practices, but also recognized the local traditions. The acting out of village ceremonies by villagers and their rit-ual specialists,therefore,represents the creation and adaptation of imperial ceremonies in their own settings. Sacrifice to spirits of the ancestors relates to village boundaries and property rights. The close linkage of human beings,ancestors,gods and land makes up the fundamentals of village socie-ty. From the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the evolution of the ancestral halls according to such ideas contributed to the landscape of south China villages.