养士之风与汉初的豪族政治

汉初政治是郡国并行体制。汉初同姓王的分封原则，基本是一种西周宗法制度之下血缘分封原则的复兴。可以说汉初的政治形态在一定程度上恢复了六国之政治传统。王国政治作为汉初政治的一元，使汉初政治无疑也具有了多元政治的雏形，养士之风的重新兴起，或许可以说是六国传统复兴的一项主要内容。汉初养士可大致分为诸侯王之养士、外威大臣之养士和布衣豪杰之游侠养士三类。他们借养士而形成一股力量或以对抗中央、或以对抗政府、要么就是权力斗争和个人私怨斗争的工具。但这种情形总是与逐步加强的中央集权的潮流相逆的，所以到汉武帝以后，成为中央政府严厉打击的对象，因失去生存的环境而逐步衰竭。

Tendency of Maintaining Scholars and Clan Politics in early Han Dynasty

Families maintaining scholars are usually kings and/or princes, marital royal relatives, and wealthy commoners. By maintaining scholars, those families have established their own force and influence, either to resist the central or local governments, or to provide tools for power struggles of private malice. Of course, it run in the opposite direction to the increasingly reinforced centralization of state power. Therefore, when Emperor Wudi came of crown, it was badly cracked down on by the central government and declined gradually without its existing surroundings.