从《汉志》诸子分类说到百家异趣中的思想趋同

对于战国诸子及其著作的思想归属,《汉书·艺文志》做出了明确的划分。后世对此有许多批评。诸子思想本是丰富多彩的,硬性把一个思想家归入某一类,削足适履在所难免。放开看去,诸子思想之间本来就存在着许多融通之处,儒、墨、道、法、名、阴阳诸家思想交互影响,你中有我,我中有你,思想趋同是战国时代百家异趣主旋律中的一个重要音符,纯而又纯、绝对对立的两派思想本来就不存在。从庄子、荀子、韩非子、司马谈直到班固,上古时代的学术批判有认同,有别异,别异的任务重于认同,而别异的主要目的则是为了排斥异己乃至于消灭异己,因此对诸子之间的思想趋同自然不太留心。趋同与异趣并行不悖,这才是战国时代意识形态领域里的真实景象。共同的社会历史性是思想趋同存在的根本原因之所在。

From the Classification of the Thinkers Offered by Han Zhi to the Tendency of Identity of the Various Schools of Thought

Han Zhi , Han Shu's records of catalogue of books, made a clear classification of the thinkers and their works in Warring States Period, which caused lots of comments in later ages. Undoubtedly, these thoughts are quite rich and colorful , so trying to cram a thinker into just one category is just like "cutting the foot to fit the shoe". If we take a broad view, we find the various schools of thought , such as Confucian School, Mohist School, Taoist School, Legalists and Yin Yang School etc, had much in common, and they were interrelated and interacted on each other. We believe the tendency of identity is an important note in the main melody of the differences among the various schools. In fact, there have never been and will never be such two schools of thought which share nothing in common . From Zhuang Zi, Xun Zi, Han Fei Zi , Si-ma Tan to Ban Gu, the academic comments in ancient times, included establishing the identity and at the same time, differentiating the outsiders, and much more importance was attached to the latter . The goal of differentiating outsiders was to exclude and even to eliminate them, so it was natural for the critics to pay less attention to the tendency of identity. In a word, identity running parallel with the difference was the real picture of the ideological sphere during the Warring States period, and the same social and historical environment around the various schools of thought was the fundamental reason for the existence of their tendency of identity.