清代中后期怀庆药商的地域经营

河南在清代中后期诞生了自己的特色商帮——怀庆商帮,这是以经营怀药和铁货为主的商人集团。其中,怀庆药商活动范围最大,影响程度最广,在河南禹州、开封、周口、河内(今沁阳)及外地的北京、天津、汉口、祁州(今河北安国)、樟树镇、济宁等地都组建了会馆。怀庆药商不仅经营本地的怀药,还收购四川、广州的特色药材,从事加工出口,在各大药材市场和水陆交通地区设立自己的分号,统筹总号与分号的关系,快速掌握市场信息,垄断药材经营,并以管理严格著称。

Huaiqing Druggists' Regional Management in the Mid and Late Qing Dynasty

In the mid and late Qing Dynasty,Huanqing businessmen clique appeared in Henan,who mainly dealt in local medicines and ferric goods.Of these businessmen,Huaiqing druggists boasted the largest activity territory and the most powerful influence.They established guilds in Yuzhou, Kaifeng,Zhoukou,Henei(now Qinyang),Beijing,Tianjing,Hankou,Qizhou,Zhangshuzhen,Jining,etc.They dealt in not only local medicines but also special crude drugs of Sichuan and Guangzhou.They built branches at big medicinal material markets and land and water communication hub,deliberately handled the relations between the head office and the branches and implemented strict management so as to get the latest market information and monoplise drug business.