民法典视角下所有权保留买卖中标的物孳息的归属与结算研究

在所有权保留买卖中,对于买受人受领标的物后标的物所生孳息的归属问题,以当事人约定优先;如当事人无约定,则应对此进行法律解释。根据法律规定,法定孳息应由买受人取得,但对天然孳息的归属问题存在争议。在保留买卖中,保留所有权的条款使得动产标的物占有被移转的同时不发生所有权的变动,我国民法典第六百三十条与第三百二十一条(原合同法第一百六十三条与原物权法第一百一十六条)规定所产生的法律效果不同,需要协调二者的关系。民法典吸纳原合同法与原物权法的相关规定,明确了不能以新法优于旧法规则来确定这两个法律条文的适用顺序,但对二者的适用顺序仍需要进一步分析。应注意的是,民法典第六百三十条针对动态情形,第三百二十一条则针对静态情形,而保留买卖属于动态交易,从这一角度理解应当优先适用第六百三十条。从出卖人保留所有权的目的以及担保债权实现的必要性来看,也应优先适用第六百三十条。但此时将孳息归属于买受人并非最终利益状态,在出卖人行使取回权以及合同解除的场合,应以取回权就物求偿说为基础,分析孳息的结算问题。

A Research on the Attribution and Liquidation of the Fruits in Ownership Retention Sale from the Perspective of Civil Code

In the sale of title retention,the ownership of the fruits arising from the subject matter after the buyer takes possession of the subject matter shall be given priority according to the parties concerned.If there is no agreement between the parties,it shall be legally interpreted.According to the law,legal fruits should be obtained by the buyer,but there is a dispute over the ownership of natural fruits.Because of the reservation clause,the transfer of subject and the change of ownership doesn’t happen simultaneously.The legal effects of Article 630 and Article 321(Article 163 of the former contract law and Article 116 of the former property law)of China's civil code are different,so it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between the two.The civil code absorbs the relevant provisions of the former contract law and the formal property law,and makes it clear that the application order of the two provisions cannot be determined by the rule that the new law is superior to the old law,but the application order of the two provisions still needs to be further analyzed.It should be noted that Article 630 of the Civil Code is for dynamic situations,while Article 321 is for static situations,so reserved sales belong to dynamic transactions.From this point of view,Article 630 should be applied first.However,the ownership of fruits to the buyer at this time is not the final state of interest.On the occasion of the seller exercising the right of recovery and the termination of the contract,the settlement of fruits should be analyzed on the basis of the claim for property of the right of recovery.