工程创新：聚焦创新活动的主战场

工程是直接生产力,工程创新是创新活动和建设国家创新系统的主战场.工程创新的过程是不断突破壁垒和躲避陷阱的过程.工程中不但包括技术要素而且包括非技术要素,必须从"全要素"和"全过程"的观点认识和把握工程活动.文中剖析了那种认为工程仅仅是单纯的"科学应用"的观点和认为工程知识仅仅是科学知识的派生性知识的观点.科学发现和技术发明活动以"可重复性"为基本特征,其社会评价规范是只承认"首创性".而工程活动却以"唯一性"和"当时当地性"为基本特征,这就使创新必然成为工程活动的内在要求.

Engineering Innovation as the Main Battlefield for Innovation

While science and technology are the first productive forces,engineering is direct productive force,so engineering innovation becomes the main battlefield for innovation.We can describe the process of engineering innovation as the one in which there are a lot of barriers and traps.Since engineering activity consists of technological factors and non-technological factors,engineering has to be researched and treated on the basis of all engineering factors and all engineering stages.Engineering should not be regarded as simply application of science and technology,and engineering knowledge should not be regarded as derivative knowledge from scientific knowledge.While the primary character of scientific and technological activity is repeatability,the primary character of engineering activity is uniqueness.Therefore,the norm of evaluation of scientific and technological activity is origination and the norm of evaluation of engineering is adaptation to that very place and that very time.