历史经验的力量——春秋时期投降的仪式化过程及其影响

投降是战争的产物。春秋时期“霸道”盛行，战争频仍，但抛却内在本质的周之礼乐还以表面的形式运行，“存亡国、继绝祀”的道德意识还在继续挣扎，故形成诸种投降仪式：或任凭处置（“面缚”、“衔璧”、“衰经”、“舆榇”），或上缴权力（“男女以班”、“赂以宗器”），或卑辞厚礼（语言修辞进入仪式），或随从习俗。种种投降仪式影响了后之正史和虚构叙事作品的投降描述，正史的叙述中以集体投降为主，表现为对春秋投降仪式的较为严谨的继承，然有虚化以至仅仅作为表投降的典故词汇的倾向；而虚构叙事中尽管其个体投降之“面缚”、“肉袒”是对方的强加，但胜利者的“亲释其缚”、“解衣衣之”却是春秋投降仪式的逼真再现。

Ritualized Process of Surrendering in the Spring & Autumn Period and Its Influence

The product of wars in the period of Spring and Autumn-surrendering was still characterized with the formality of rites and music ＂passed down from the Zhou Dynasty. These rituals existed in various forms, such as blindfolding, biting a jade, or giving away the authority, etc. Though there are made up cases of blindfolding and stripping off in surrendering, the conqueror＇ untying the bondage and removing his own clothes and put them on the capitulation are the vivid mimic of the period.