美国霸权：一种制度的分析视角

从霸权秩序的建立和维持方式的角度来看，霸权可分为权力霸权和制度霸权两种历史形态，当前美国的全球霸权就主要是一种制度霸权。二战后，美国在政治、经济和安全领域建构了一系列国际制度，以求全面主导国际社会。冷战结束后，美国根据变化了的国际形势及时修正了原有的国际规范，具体表现在：政治上构建由美国领导的、其他西方国家参与的民主世界，以此为中心建立世界新秩序井相应弱化联合国机制的作用；经济上通过左右世界贸易组织，推动贸易、投资自由化，建立为美国服务的全球经济新规范；安全领域积极推进以军事同盟为基础的多边防务安排，井加紧构建针对恐怖主义等非传统安全威胁的安全网络。“积极的多边主义”和“非公平性”是美国制度霸权的基本特征。美国制度霸权存在着完整性不足、合法性不足以及充分性和有效性不足等缺陷。面对美国主导国际制度这一政治现实，中国理应采取灵活而务实的应对之策。

American Hegemony: An Analysis from the Perspective of Regime

Based on the establishment of the hegemonic order and the ways of its maintenance, Hegemony can be classified into two historical patterns: power hegemony and regime hegemony. After World War II, America set up a series of international institutions in the fields of politics, economics and security so as to dominate the international society in every aspect. With the end of the cold war, America accordingly began amending the former international norms in compliance with the changing international situations, namely, building a democratic world with other western countries in the political sphere, on the basis of which building a new world order and weakening the role of the institutions of the United Nations; setting up new economic norms in the economic sphere which can serve America through controlling the World Trade Organization and propelling the liberalization process of the world trade and investment; advancing the construction of multilateral defense arrangement based on the military alliance, and speeding up the construction of the security system which aims at the threat to non-traditional security such as terrorism. The basic features of American hegemony are its active multilateralism and non-equity. However, the American hegemony also has some drawbacks. It still lacks completeness, adequacy and effectiveness. Moreover, its legitimacy is also insufficient. Facing the fact that America dominates the international institutions, China must take flexible and pragmatic counter-measures.