清政府对恰克图商人的管理(1755-1799)

自1768年以來,恢復恰克圖貿易中俄貿易大為增加,從二百萬增到三百萬盧布。為了控制這些貿易的活動,政府強加二個方法:第一個是管制恰克圖商人執照。并且由庫倫辦事大臣控制了這些執照有效性。第二個方法將劃分物品成八個類別:緞、布料、羊毛、細青茶、磚茶、煙草、糖和乾果和瓷。但是,只有老成的商人與恰克圖章京一起定價。中國商人被要求被成一體,當換與俄國人和時不漏任何商業秘密。在同一時間,他們需要減少物品的價格從俄國和獲得更高的贏利為物品從中國。因而這些商人只經常購買了俄國物品在他們的價值的三分之一。

Management of Kyakhta Merchants by the Qing Government

Since 1768 recovery of Kiakhta trade allowed the Sino-Russian trade to increase significantly to about two million to three million rubles.In order to control these trading activities,the government imposed two methods;the first one was a Kiakhta license.The ministry issued sealed license with Ikh Khuree minister controlled the validity of these licenses.The second method was to divide the goods into eight categories: satin,cloth,wool,fine green tea,brick tea,tobacco,sugar and dried fruit and porcelain.Nonetheless,only aged merchants with large amount of goods could set the price together with other merchants and reported to Kiakhta Zhang Jing. The Chinese businessmen were demanded to be unified while trading with the Russians and not leak any trade secrets.In the same time,they needed to reduce the price of goods from Russia and obtain higher profits for goods from China.Thus these businessmen often purchased Russian goods at only one-third of their value.